Orinoco Goose

“As a conservation photographer, I use empathy with no apology. In my eyes, empathy is a very useful tool. Conservation only occurs when the public gets involved. Whether actions depicted in my photos are strictly “behavior” or not, my hope is to get the viewer (public) involved by providing that emotional pull.”

~ Tony Healy

 
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In the scientific community, using anthropomorphic language that suggests animals have intentions and emotions has been deprecated as indicating a lack of objectivity. Biologists have avoided the assumption that animals share any of the same mental, social, and emotional capacities of humans, relying instead on the strictly observable evidence.  Animals should be considered, as Ivan Pavlov wrote in 1927, “without any need to resort to fantastic speculations as to the existence of any possible subjective states”. More recently, The Oxford companion to animal behaviour (1987) advises “one is well advised to study the behaviour rather than attempting to get at any underlying emotion”.

Scientific method involves observations, definitions, and measurements of the subject of inquiry; empathy is not generally seen as a useful tool. While it is not unknown for scientists to lapse into anthropomorphism to make the objects of their study more humanly comprehensible or memorable, they often do it with an apology.

It should be noted, however, that behind this usage of “anthropomorphism” is the unproven (and therefore unscientific) Despite the impact of Charles Darwin’s ideas inThe Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Konrad Lorenz in 1965 called him a “patron saint” of ethology) ethology has generally focused on behaviour, not on emotion in animals.   Though in other ways Darwin was and is the epitome of science, his acceptance of anecdote and naive anthropomorphism stands out in sharp contrast to the lengths to which later scientists would go to overlook apparent mindedness, selfhood, individuality and agency:

“Even insects play together, as has been described by that excellent observer, P. Huber, who saw ants chasing and pretending to bite each other, like so many puppies.” – Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man